Information Visualization
Perception for Design

Table of Contents

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Front CoverInformation Visualization: Perception for DesignCopyrightTable of ContentsPrefaceAbout the AuthorChapter 1. Foundations for an Applied Science of Data VisualizationVisualization StagesExperimental Semiotics Based on PerceptionSemiotics of GraphicsAre Pictures Arbitrary?Sensory versus Arbitrary SymbolsProperties of Sensory RepresentationTesting Claims about Sensory RepresentationsRepresentations That Are ArbitraryThe Study of Arbitrary Conventional SymbolsGibson’s Affordance TheoryA Model of Perceptual ProcessingStage 1. Parallel Processing to Extract Low-Level Properties of the Visual SceneStage 2. Pattern PerceptionStage 3. Visual Working MemoryAttentionCosts and Benefits of VisualizationTypes of DataEntitiesRelationshipsAttributes of Entities or RelationshipsData Dimensions: 1D, 2D, 3D, …Types of NumbersUncertaintyOperations Considered as DataMetadataConclusionChapter 2. The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the DisplayThe EnvironmentVisible LightEcological OpticsOptical FlowTextured Surfaces and Texture GradientsThe Paint Model of SurfacesThe EyeThe Visual Angle DefinedLensOptics and Augmented-Reality SystemsOptics in Virtual-Reality DisplaysChromatic AberrationReceptorsSimple AcuitiesAcuity Distribution and the Visual FieldBrain Pixels and the Optimal ScreenSpatial Contrast Sensitivity FunctionVisual StressThe Optimal DisplayAliasingNumber of DotsSuperacuities and DisplaysTemporal Requirements of the Perfect DisplayConclusionChapter 3. Lightness, Brightness, Contrast and ConstancyNeurons, Receptive Fields, and Brightness IllusionsSimultaneous Brightness ContrastMach BandsThe Chevreul IllusionSimultaneous Contrast and Errors in Reading MapsContrast Effects and Artifacts in Computer GraphicsEdge EnhancementLuminance, Brightness, Lightness, and GammaConstanciesLuminanceDisplaying DetailsBrightnessMonitor GammaAdaptation, Contrast, and Lightness ConstancyContrast and ConstancyContrast on Paper and on ScreenPerception of Surface LightnessLightness Differences and the Gray ScaleContrast CrispeningMonitor Illumination and Monitor SurroundsConclusionChapter 4. ColorTrichromacy TheoryColor BlindnessColor MeasurementChange of PrimariesChromaticity CoordinatesColor Differences and Uniform Color SpacesOpponent Process TheoryNamingCross-Cultural NamingUnique HuesNeurophysiologyCategorical ColorsProperties of Color ChannelsSpatial SensitivityStereoscopic DepthMotion SensitivityFormColor AppearanceMonitor SurroundsColor ConstancyColor ContrastSaturationBrownApplications of Color in VisualizationApplication 1: Color Specification Interfaces and Color SpacesColor SpacesColor Naming SystemsColor PalettesApplication 2: Color for Labeling (Nominal Codes)Application 3: Color Sequences for Data MapsForm and QuantityInterval Pseudocolor SequencesRatio PseudocolorsSequences for the Color BlindBivariate Color SequencesApplication 4: Color ReproductionConclusionChapter 5. Visual Salience and Finding InformationEye MovementsAccommodationThe Eye Movement Control LoopV1, Channels, and Tuned ReceptorsThe Elements of FormThe Gabor Model and Visual DistinctnessA Differencing Mechanism for Fine DiscriminationFeature Maps, Channels, and Lessons for Visual SearchPreattentive Processing and Ease of SearchAttention and ExpectationsHighlighting and AsymmetriesCoding with Combinations of FeaturesCoding with Redundant PropertiesWhat Is Not Easily Findable: Conjunctions of FeaturesHighlighting Two Data Dimensions: Conjunctions That Can Be SeenIntegral and Separable Dimensions: Glyph DesignRestricted Classification TasksSpeeded Classification TasksIntegral–Separable Dimension PairsRepresenting QuantityRepresenting Absolute QuantitiesMultidimensional Discrete Data: Uniform Representation versus Multiple ChannelsStars and WhiskersThe Searchlight Metaphor and Cortical MagnificationUseful Field of ViewTunnel Vision, Stress, and Cognitive LoadThe Role of Motion in Attracting AttentionMotion as a User InterruptConclusionChapter 6. Static and Moving PatternsGestalt LawsProximitySimilarityConnectednessContinuitySymmetryClosure and Common RegionFigure and GroundMore on ContoursRepresenting Vector Fields: Perceiving Orientation and DirectionComparing 2D Flow Visualization TechniquesShowing DirectionTexture: Theory and Data MappingTradeoffs in Information Density: An Uncertainty PrinciplePrimary Perceptual Dimensions of TextureTexture Contrast EffectsOther Dimensions of Visual TextureNominal Texture CodesUsing Textures for Univariate and Multivariate Map DisplaysQuantitative Texture SequencesPerception of Transparency: Overlapping DataPerceiving Patterns in Multidimensional Discrete DataPattern LearningPrimingVigilanceThe Visual Grammar of Node–Link DiagramsThe Visual Grammar of MapsPatterns in MotionForm and Contour in MotionMoving FramesExpressive MotionPerception of CausalityPerception of Animated MotionEnriching Diagrams with Simple AnimationThe Processes of Pattern FindingChapter 7. Space PerceptionDepth Cue TheoryPerspective CuesThe Duality of Depth Perception in PicturesPictures Seen from the Wrong ViewpointOcclusionShape-from-ShadingShading ModelsCushion MapsSurface TextureCast ShadowsDistance Based on Familiar SizeDepth of FocusEye AccommodationStructure-from-MotionEye ConvergenceStereoscopic DepthProblems with Stereoscopic DisplaysFrame CancellationThe Vergence–Focus ProblemDistant ObjectsMaking Effective Stereoscopic DisplaysCyclopean ScaleVirtual Eye SeparationArtificial Spatial CuesDepth Cues in CombinationTask-Based Space PerceptionTracing Data Paths in 3D GraphsJudging the Morphology of SurfacesConformal TexturesGuidelines for Displaying SurfacesBivariate Maps—Lighting and Surface ColorPatterns of Points in 3D SpacePerceiving Patterns in 3D TrajectoriesJudging Relative Positions of Objects in SpaceJudging the Relative Movements of Self within the EnvironmentSelecting and Positioning Objects in 3DJudging the “Up” DirectionThe Aesthetic Impression of 3D Space (Presence)ConclusionChapter 8. Visual Objects and Data ObjectsImage-Based Object RecognitionPrimingSearching an Image DatabaseLife LoggingStructure-Based Object RecognitionGeon TheorySilhouettesThe Object Display and Object-Based DiagramsThe Geon DiagramFacesCoding Words and ImagesMental ImagesLabels and ConceptsObject CategorizationCanonical Views and Object RecognitionConcept MappingConcept Maps and Mind MapsIconic Images versus Words versus Abstract SymbolsStatic LinksScenes and Scene GistPriming, Categorization, and Trace TheoryConclusionChapter 9. Images, Narrative, and Gestures for ExplanationThe Nature of LanguageSign LanguageLanguage Is Dynamic and Distributed over TimeIs Visual Programming a Good Idea?Images versus Sentences and ParagraphsLinks between Images and WordsIntegrating Visual and Verbal and the Narrative ThreadLinking Text with Graphical Elements of DiagramsGestures as Linking Devices in Verbal PresentationsDeixisSymbolic GesturesExpressive GesturesAnimated versus Static PresentationsAnimated ImagesVisual NarrativeConclusionChapter 10. Interacting with VisualizationsData Selection and Manipulation LoopChoice Reaction TimeTwo-Dimensional Positioning and SelectionHover QueriesPath TracingTwo-Handed InteractionLearningControl CompatibilityExploration and Navigation LoopLocomotion and Viewpoint ControlSpatial Navigation MetaphorsWayfinding, Cognitive Maps, and Real MapsLandmarks, Borders, and PlaceFrames of ReferenceEgocentric Frame of ReferenceExocentric Frames of ReferenceMap OrientationFocus, Context, and Scale in Nonmetaphoric InterfacesDistortion TechniquesRapid Zooming TechniquesElision TechniquesMultiple Simultaneous ViewsConclusionChapter 11. Visual Thinking ProcessesThe Cognitive SystemMemory and AttentionWorking MemoriesVisual Working Memory CapacityChange BlindnessSpatial InformationAttentionObject Files, Coherence Fields, and GistLong-Term MemoryChunks and ConceptsKnowledge Formation and Creative ThinkingKnowledge TransferVisualizations and Mental ImagesReview of Visual Cognitive System ComponentsEarly Visual ProcessingPattern PerceptionEye MovementsThe Intrasaccadic Scanning LoopWorking MemoryMental ImageryEpistemic ActionsVisual QueriesComputational Data MappingsVisual Thinking AlgorithmsAlgorithm 1: Visual QueriesAlgorithm 2: Pathfinding on a Map or DiagramVisual Query ConstructionThe Pattern-Finding LoopAlgorithm 3: Reasoning with a Hybrid of a Visual Display and Mental ImageryAlgorithm 4: Design SketchingAlgorithm 5: BrushingAlgorithm 6: Small Pattern Comparisons in a Large Information SpaceAlgorithm 7: Degree-of-Relevance HighlightingAlgorithm 8: Generalized Fisheye ViewsAlgorithm 9: Multidimensional Dynamic Queries with Scatter PlotAlgorithm 10: Visual Monitoring StrategiesConclusionAppendix A: Changing PrimariesAppendix B: CIE Color Measurement SystemAppendix C: The Perceptual Evaluation of Visualization Techniques and SystemsResearch GoalsPsychophysicsDetection MethodsMethod of AdjustmentCognitive PsychologyStructural AnalysisTestbench Applications for DiscoveryStructured InterviewsRating ScalesStatistical ExplorationPrincipal Components AnalysisMultidimensional ScalingClusteringMultiple RegressionCross-Cultural StudiesChild StudiesPractical Problems in Conducting User StudiesExperimenter BiasHow Many Subjects to Use?Combinatorial ExplosionTask IdentificationControlsGetting HelpAppendix D: GuidelinesBibliographyIndex

Front Cover

front cover: 封面:书籍、杂志或其他出版物的最前面的一张纸,通常包含标题、作者和出版商等信息。

Information Visualization: Perception for Design

信息可视化:设计感知

Copyright

copyright:

  • n.版权,著作权

  • adj.版权的,受版权保护的

  • v.获得……的版权;保护……的版权

Table of Contents

table of contents: 目录:一本书或其他出版物中列出各章节、文章或其他部分的标题和页码的列表,通常位于书籍的开头。

Preface

preface:

  • n.(书的)前言,(演讲的)开场白;开端,序幕;(基督教)序祷,序诵

  • v.为(书)作序;以……为开端,以……作为开场白

About the Author

about the author: 作者简介

Chapter 1. Foundations for an Applied Science of Data Visualization

第1章. 数据可视化应用科学基础

Visualization Stages

可视化阶段

Experimental Semiotics Based on Perception

基于感知的实验符号学

Semiotics of Graphics

图形符号学

Are Pictures Arbitrary?

图片是任意的吗?

Sensory versus Arbitrary Symbols

感官符号与任意符号

Properties of Sensory Representation

感觉表征的性质

Testing Claims about Sensory Representations

关于感官表征的测试

Representations That Are Arbitrary

任意表示

The Study of Arbitrary Conventional Symbols

任意常规符号的研究

Gibson’s Affordance Theory

吉布森的供给理论

A Model of Perceptual Processing

知觉加工模型

Stage 1. Parallel Processing to Extract Low-Level Properties of the Visual Scene

阶段1. 并行处理提取视觉场景的底层属性

Stage 2. Pattern Perception

阶段2. 模式感知

Stage 3. Visual Working Memory

阶段3. 视觉工作记忆

Attention

n.注意;注意力;照料;兴趣;立正;殷勤,关心

Costs and Benefits of Visualization

可视化的成本和收益

Types of Data

数据类型:指计算机中用来表示不同种类数据的方式,包括整数、浮点数、字符、字符串、布尔值等。

  • There are various types of data in computer science.

  • 计算机科学中有各种各样的数据类型。

Entities

n.实体;存在(entity 的复数形式);字符实体

Relationships

n.人际关系;生物间的关系;情侣关系(relationship 的复数)

Attributes of Entities or Relationships

实体或关系的属性

Data Dimensions: 1D, 2D, 3D, …

数据维度: 1D, 2D, 3D,…

Types of Numbers

数字的类型

Uncertainty

n.犹豫,无把握;拿不定的事,令人无把握的局面;紧张不安

Operations Considered as Data

视为数据的操作

Metadata

n.元数据,诠释数据

Conclusion

n.结论,推论;结局,结尾;缔结,商定;(根据所给前提得出的)命题

Chapter 2. The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the Display

第二章. 环境、光学、分辨率和显示

The Environment

环境

Visible Light

可见光:人眼能够感知的电磁波的一部分,波长范围大约在380纳米至740纳米之间。

Ecological Optics

生态光学

Optical Flow

光流:一种计算机视觉技术,用于估计两个图像之间的像素运动,以捕捉物体在连续帧中的运动。

Textured Surfaces and Texture Gradients

纹理表面和纹理梯度

The Paint Model of Surfaces

表面的油漆模型

The Eye

眼睛

The Visual Angle Defined

视觉角度的定义

Lens

  • n.透镜,镜片;(相机的)镜头;(眼球的)晶状体;隐形眼镜

  • v.给……摄影

Optics and Augmented-Reality Systems

光学和增强现实系统

Optics in Virtual-Reality Displays

虚拟现实显示中的光学

Chromatic Aberration

色差:一种光学现象,当光通过透镜时,不同波长的光无法在同一点聚焦,导致图像的颜色失真。

Receptors

n.[生化]受体;接受器;神经末梢(receptor 的复数)

Simple Acuities

简单的眼

acuities: n.敏锐,敏捷:对事物的敏感度、洞察力或思维速度。

The acuities of his mind were impressive.

他的头脑敏锐令人印象深刻。

Acuity Distribution and the Visual Field

视力分布与视野

Brain Pixels and the Optimal Screen

大脑像素和最佳屏幕

Spatial Contrast Sensitivity Function

空间对比灵敏度函数

Visual Stress

视觉压力

The Optimal Display

最佳显示

Aliasing

  • v.错误识别(信号频率)(alias 的现在分词)

  • n.错认假频伪信号;使用替换名;(复制图像出现的)扭曲

Number of Dots

点数:指在一个图形或物体上的点的数量。

Superacuities and Displays

超视力和显示器

Temporal Requirements of the Perfect Display

完美展示的时间要求

Conclusion

Chapter 3. Lightness, Brightness, Contrast and Constancy

第3章. 亮度、亮度、对比度和恒定性

Neurons, Receptive Fields, and Brightness Illusions

神经元、感受野和亮度幻觉

Simultaneous Brightness Contrast

同时亮度对比

Mach Bands

马赫带

The Chevreul Illusion

雪夫勒错觉

Simultaneous Contrast and Errors in Reading Maps

地图阅读中的同步对比和错误

Contrast Effects and Artifacts in Computer Graphics

计算机图形学中的对比效果和伪影

Edge Enhancement

[测] [遥感] 边缘增强 一种图像处理技术。

Luminance, Brightness, Lightness, and Gamma

亮度,亮度,亮度和伽马值

Constancies

constancy: n.坚定不移;恒久不变

Luminance

n.[光] [电子]亮度;[光]发光性(等于 luminosity);光明

Displaying Details

显示详细信息

Brightness

n.[光] [天] 亮度;聪明,活泼;鲜艳;愉快

Monitor Gamma

显示器伽马

Adaptation, Contrast, and Lightness Constancy

适应、对比和亮度不变

Contrast and Constancy

对比与不变

Contrast on Paper and on Screen

纸张上和屏幕上的对比

Perception of Surface Lightness

表面亮度的感知

Lightness Differences and the Gray Scale

亮度差异和灰度

Contrast Crispening

对比勾边

Monitor Illumination and Monitor Surrounds

显示器照明和显示器环绕

Conclusion

Chapter 4. Color

第四章. 颜色

Trichromacy Theory

三色视觉理论

Color Blindness

色盲:一种视觉障碍,患者无法区分某些颜色,通常是红色和绿色。

Color Measurement

测色;量色法;测色仪器

Change of Primaries

初选变更

Chromaticity Coordinates

色度坐标:用于表示颜色空间中某一颜色的数值,通常由三个值组成,表示颜色的亮度、纯度和色相。

Color Differences and Uniform Color Spaces

色差和均匀色彩空间

Opponent Process Theory

对立过程理论:一种关于颜色视觉和情感体验的心理学理论,认为人类感知到的颜色和情感是由一对对立的神经过程产生的。

  • The opponent process theory helps explain why we see afterimages in complementary colors.

  • 对立过程理论有助于解释我们为什么会看到互补色的残影。

Naming

  • n.命名

  • v.给……取名字(name 的 ing 形式)

Cross-Cultural Naming

跨文化的命名

Unique Hues

独特的色彩

Neurophysiology

n.神经生理学

Categorical Colors

颜色分类

Properties of Color Channels

颜色通道的性质

Spatial Sensitivity

空间灵敏度

Stereoscopic Depth

立体深度

Motion Sensitivity

运动灵敏度

Form

  • v.(使)出现;(使)(关系、习惯或想法)形成;构成,是……的组成部分;陶冶,培养;组织,建立

  • n.表,表格;类别,种类;形状,外形;体形;(存在的)形态,形式;(尤指艺术作品或文章的)结构;体能,良好的健康状态;良好表现;词形;惯常做法,习俗;(英国的)班级,年级;不礼貌的行为

Color Appearance

色表

外观颜色(Color Appearance)

Monitor Surrounds

监控周围

Color Constancy

色彩恒常性;色感一致性

Color Contrast

色彩对比:指两种或多种颜色之间的明显差异,通常用于设计、艺术和摄影等领域,以创造视觉效果和吸引注意力。

Saturation

n.饱和,饱和状态;(化学溶液的)饱和状态,饱和度;(尤指照相的)色饱和度;磁化饱和;浸透,湿透

Brown

  • n.(Brown)(美)布朗(人名)

  • adj.(brown)棕色的,褐色的;太阳晒黑的

  • v.(brown)变成褐色;使变成褐色

  • n.(brown)褐色,棕色

Applications of Color in Visualization

颜色在可视化中的应用

Application 1: Color Specification Interfaces and Color Spaces

应用1:颜色规范接口和色彩空间

Color Spaces

颜色空间

Color Naming Systems

颜色命名系统

Color Palettes

调色板

Application 2: Color for Labeling (Nominal Codes)

应用2: 标签颜色(标称代码)

Application 3: Color Sequences for Data Maps

应用3: 用于数据地图的颜色序列

Form and Quantity

形式与数量

Interval Pseudocolor Sequences

区间伪彩色序列

Ratio Pseudocolors

比伪彩色

Sequences for the Color Blind

色盲的序列

Bivariate Color Sequences

二元颜色序列

Application 4: Color Reproduction

应用 4:色彩再现

Conclusion

Chapter 5. Visual Salience and Finding Information

第五章. 视觉显著性和查找信息

Eye Movements

眼动:眼球在观察事物时所做的运动,包括水平、垂直和斜向运动。

  • Eye movements can reveal a lot about a person's thoughts and emotions.

  • 眼动可以揭示一个人的思想和情感。

Accommodation

n.<美>住宿,膳宿;<英>住处,办公处,停留处;(楼房或交通工具内的)空间,座位;和解,调和;(通过改变眼球晶状体形状)自动调焦

The Eye Movement Control Loop

眼动控制回路

V1, Channels, and Tuned Receptors

V1,通道和调谐受体

The Elements of Form

形式的要素

The Gabor Model and Visual Distinctness

Gabor模型与视觉清晰度

A Differencing Mechanism for Fine Discrimination

精细歧视的差异机制

特征映射,通道和视觉搜索的经验教训

预先注意处理和易于搜索

Attention and Expectations

关注与期望

Highlighting and Asymmetries

高光和不对称

Coding with Combinations of Features

使用功能组合进行编码

Coding with Redundant Properties

使用冗余属性编码

What Is Not Easily Findable: Conjunctions of Features

不容易找到的东西: 特征的连接

Highlighting Two Data Dimensions: Conjunctions That Can Be Seen

突出两个数据维度:可以看到的连词

Integral and Separable Dimensions: Glyph Design

整体与可分离维度:字形设计

Restricted Classification Tasks

受限分类任务

Speeded Classification Tasks

快速分类任务

Integral–Separable Dimension Pairs

整-可分维对

Representing Quantity

代表数量

Representing Absolute Quantities

表示绝对数量

Multidimensional Discrete Data: Uniform Representation versus Multiple Channels

多维离散数据: 统一表示与多通道

Stars and Whiskers

星星和胡须

The Searchlight Metaphor and Cortical Magnification

探照灯隐喻与大脑皮层放大

Useful Field of View

有用的视野

Tunnel Vision, Stress, and Cognitive Load

隧道视野,压力和认知负荷

The Role of Motion in Attracting Attention

运动在吸引注意力中的作用

Motion as a User Interrupt

作为用户中断的运动

Conclusion

Chapter 6. Static and Moving Patterns

第六章. 静态和移动模式

Gestalt Laws

格式塔法则

Proximity

/ prɑːkˈsɪməti /n.(时间、空间、关系的)靠近,亲近

Similarity

n.相似性;相似点,类似的地方

Connectedness

n.[数] 连通性

Continuity

n.连续性,连贯性;(电影、电视的)场景串联,衔接;(逻辑上的)连接,联结

Symmetry

n.对称(性);相似,相等;(物理,数) 对称

Closure and Common Region

封闭和公共区域

Figure and Ground

图形与背景:一种视觉感知原理,指的是在观察一个图像时,我们会自动将图像分为突出的图形和较不明显的背景两部分。

In the famous Rubin's vase illusion, the figure and ground can be perceived as either a vase or two faces.

在著名的鲁宾花瓶错觉中,图形与背景可以被感知为一个花瓶或两张脸。

More on Contours

更多关于轮廓

Representing Vector Fields: Perceiving Orientation and Direction

表示向量场: 感知方向和方向

Comparing 2D Flow Visualization Techniques

比较二维流可视化技术

Showing Direction

显示方向

Texture: Theory and Data Mapping

纹理: 理论和数据映射

Tradeoffs in Information Density: An Uncertainty Principle

信息密度的权衡: 一个不确定性原理

Primary Perceptual Dimensions of Texture

纹理的初级感知维度

Texture Contrast Effects

纹理对比效果

Other Dimensions of Visual Texture

视觉纹理的其他维度

Nominal Texture Codes

标称纹理代码

Using Textures for Univariate and Multivariate Map Displays

为单变量和多变量地图显示使用纹理

Quantitative Texture Sequences

定量纹理序列

Perception of Transparency: Overlapping Data

透明度的感知: 重叠数据

Perceiving Patterns in Multidimensional Discrete Data

多维离散数据的感知模式

Pattern Learning

模式学习

Priming

n.底料,装填物;起爆剂,引火药;底漆

Vigilance

/ ˈvɪdʒɪləns /n.警戒,警觉;失眠症

节点链接图的视觉语法

The Visual Grammar of Maps

地图的视觉语法

Patterns in Motion

运动模式

Form and Contour in Motion

运动中的形状和轮廓

Moving Frames

移动帧

Expressive Motion

富有表现力的运动

Perception of Causality

因果性知觉

Perception of Animated Motion

动画动作的感知

Enriching Diagrams with Simple Animation

用简单的动画丰富图表

The Processes of Pattern Finding

模式发现的过程

Chapter 7. Space Perception

第七章. 空间感知

Depth Cue Theory

深度线索理论

Perspective Cues

角度提示

The Duality of Depth Perception in Pictures

图像深度感知的二元性

Pictures Seen from the Wrong Viewpoint

从错误的角度看图片

Occlusion

/ əˈkluːʒn /n.闭塞;吸收;锢囚锋

Shape-from-Shading

从明暗恢复形状

Shading Models

阴影模型

Cushion Maps

缓冲地图

Surface Texture

表面纹理:指物体表面的凹凸、光滑或粗糙等特征。

Cast Shadows

投射阴影

Distance Based on Familiar Size

基于熟悉尺寸的距离

Depth of Focus

焦深:摄影术语,指在摄影过程中,被摄物体在一定范围内移动时,成像仍然保持清晰的范围。

Eye Accommodation

眼睛调节

Structure-from-Motion

运动结构:一种计算机视觉技术,通过分析连续图像序列中的运动信息来重建三维结构。

Structure from motion is widely used in robotics and computer vision applications.

运动结构在机器人和计算机视觉应用中得到了广泛应用。

Eye Convergence

眼睛收敛 | 眼球聚集

Stereoscopic Depth

立体深度 | 立体景深

Problems with Stereoscopic Displays

立体显示的问题

Frame Cancellation

帧取消

The Vergence–Focus Problem

收敛焦点问题

Distant Objects

远处的物体:指距离观察者较远的物体,需要通过望远镜或者其他工具才能看清楚。

The telescope can help us see distant objects clearly.

望远镜可以帮助我们清晰地看到远处的物体。

Making Effective Stereoscopic Displays

制作有效的立体显示

Cyclopean Scale

巨大的规模

Virtual Eye Separation

虚拟眼分离

Artificial Spatial Cues

人工空间线索

Depth Cues in Combination

深度线索的组合

Task-Based Space Perception

基于任务的空间感知

Tracing Data Paths in 3D Graphs

在3D图形中跟踪数据路径

Judging the Morphology of Surfaces

判断表面的形态

Conformal Textures

保形纹理

Guidelines for Displaying Surfaces

显示表面的指引

Bivariate Maps—Lighting and Surface Color

二元贴图-光照和表面颜色

Patterns of Points in 3D Space

三维空间中点的模式

Perceiving Patterns in 3D Trajectories

感知3D轨迹模式

Judging Relative Positions of Objects in Space

判断空间中物体的相对位置

Judging the Relative Movements of Self within the Environment

判断自我在环境中的相对运动

Selecting and Positioning Objects in 3D

3D场景中选择和定位对象

Judging the “Up” Direction

判断“向上”的方向

The Aesthetic Impression of 3D Space (Presence)

三维空间的审美印象(在场)

Conclusion

Chapter 8. Visual Objects and Data Objects

第八章. 可视化对象和数据对象

Image-Based Object Recognition

基于图像的物体识别

Priming

n.底料,装填物;起爆剂,引火药;底漆

Searching an Image Database

搜索图像数据库

Life Logging

生活日志

Structure-Based Object Recognition

基于结构的对象识别

Geon Theory

捷安公司理论

Silhouettes

n.轮廓(歌曲名)

The Object Display and Object-Based Diagrams

对象显示和基于对象的图

The Geon Diagram

Geon图

Faces

  • n.表面(face 的复数);脸色;脸面

  • v.向;面对;转向(face 的三单形式)

Coding Words and Images

编码文字和图像

Mental Images

心理图像:指在大脑中形成的与现实世界相关的视觉、听觉或其他感官的表象。

Labels and Concepts

标签和概念

Object Categorization

对象分类

Canonical Views and Object Recognition

规范视图和对象识别

Concept Mapping

概念映射:一种用于表示知识结构的图形化方法,通过将概念用节点表示,并用连接线表示概念之间的关系。

Concept mapping is an effective tool for organizing and visualizing complex information.

概念映射是一种组织和可视化复杂信息的有效工具。

Concept Maps and Mind Maps

概念图和思维导图

Iconic Images versus Words versus Abstract Symbols

标志性图像、文字、抽象符号

静态链接

Scenes and Scene Gist

场景和场景要点

Priming, Categorization, and Trace Theory

启动,分类,和痕迹理论

Conclusion

Chapter 9. Images, Narrative, and Gestures for Explanation

第9章. 图像,叙述和手势解释

The Nature of Language

语言的本质

Sign Language

手语;符号语言

Language Is Dynamic and Distributed over Time

语言是动态的,是随时间分布的

Is Visual Programming a Good Idea?

可视化编程是个好主意吗?

Images versus Sentences and Paragraphs

图像与句子和段落

图像和文字之间的链接

Integrating Visual and Verbal and the Narrative Thread

整合视觉、语言和叙事线索

Linking Text with Graphical Elements of Diagrams

链接文本与图表的图形元素

Gestures as Linking Devices in Verbal Presentations

手势在口头表达中的连接作用

Deixis

/ ˈdaɪksɪsˌˈdeɪksɪs /n.直示(系统);(定冠词、指示代词等的)指示功能

Symbolic Gestures

象征性姿态

Expressive Gestures

表情手势:用手势表达情感或意见的行为,通常用于交流和表达。

She used expressive gestures to convey her excitement.

她用表情手势表达她的兴奋情绪。

Animated versus Static Presentations

动画与静态演示

Animated Images

动画图片

Visual Narrative

视觉叙事

Conclusion

Chapter 10. Interacting with Visualizations

第十章. 与可视化交互

Data Selection and Manipulation Loop

数据选择和操作循环

Choice Reaction Time

选择反应时

Two-Dimensional Positioning and Selection

二维定位与选择

Hover Queries

盘旋的查询

Path Tracing

路径追踪:一种计算机图形学中的光线追踪技术,用于模拟光线在场景中的传播过程,以生成逼真的渲染效果。

Path tracing is a powerful rendering technique that can produce highly realistic images. 路径追踪是一种强大的渲染技术,可以生成高度逼真的图像。

Two-Handed Interaction

双手交互

Learning

  • n.学习;知识,学问

  • v.得知,获悉;学习,学会;认识到,从……吸取教训(learn 的现在分词形式)

Control Compatibility

控制的兼容性

Exploration and Navigation Loop

探索与导航回路

Locomotion and Viewpoint Control

Exploration and navigation loop

Spatial Navigation Metaphors

空间导航隐喻

Wayfinding, Cognitive Maps, and Real Maps

寻路,认知地图和真实地图

Landmarks, Borders, and Place

地标、边界和地点

Frames of Reference

参考系:一种用于描述物体运动和相互作用的坐标系,通常包括时间和空间坐标。

Egocentric Frame of Reference

自我中心参照系

Exocentric Frames of Reference

外心参照系

Map Orientation

地图定位

Focus, Context, and Scale in Nonmetaphoric Interfaces

非隐喻界面中的焦点、语境和尺度

Distortion Techniques

变形技术

Rapid Zooming Techniques

快速变焦技术

Elision Techniques

省略技巧

Multiple Simultaneous Views

多个同时视图

Conclusion

Chapter 11. Visual Thinking Processes

第11章. 视觉思维过程

The Cognitive System

认知系统

Memory and Attention

记忆和注意力

Working Memories

工作记忆

Visual Working Memory Capacity

视觉工作记忆容量

Change Blindness

变化盲区:一种心理现象,指人们在观察场景时,很难察觉到其中的一些显著变化。

The experiment demonstrated that change blindness can affect people's ability to notice differences in a scene.

实验表明,变化盲区会影响人们在观察场景时察觉差异的能力。

Spatial Information

空间信息:描述地理空间中对象和现象的位置、形状、大小等属性的信息。

Attention

n.注意;注意力;照料;兴趣;立正;殷勤,关心

Object Files, Coherence Fields, and Gist

对象文件、相干域和主旨

Long-Term Memory

长期记忆:指大脑中存储的长时间、甚至终身的记忆。它包括我们的知识、技能和经历等信息。

Chunks and Concepts

块和概念

Knowledge Formation and Creative Thinking

知识形成与创造性思维

Knowledge Transfer

知识传递:指在个人、团队、组织或更广泛的社会之间共享或传播知识、技能和经验的过程。

Visualizations and Mental Images

可视化和心理图像

Review of Visual Cognitive System Components

视觉认知系统组件综述

Early Visual Processing

早期视觉处理

Pattern Perception

模式感知

Eye Movements

眼动:眼球在观察事物时所做的运动,包括水平、垂直和斜向运动。

Eye movements can reveal a lot about a person's thoughts and emotions. 眼动可以揭示一个人的思想和情感。

The Intrasaccadic Scanning Loop

眼内扫描环路

Working Memory

工作记忆:一种短期记忆,用于暂时存储和处理信息,以完成复杂的认知任务,如学习、推理和理解。

Mental Imagery

心理意象:指在心中产生的形象、场景或感觉,通常与记忆、思考和创造力有关。

Epistemic Actions

认知行为

Visual Queries

可视化查询

Computational Data Mappings

计算数据映射

Visual Thinking Algorithms

视觉思维算法

Algorithm 1: Visual Queries

算法1: 视觉查询

Algorithm 2: Pathfinding on a Map or Diagram

算法2: 在地图或图表上寻路

Visual Query Construction

可视化查询构造

The Pattern-Finding Loop

模式查找循环

Algorithm 3: Reasoning with a Hybrid of a Visual Display and Mental Imagery

算法3: 混合视觉显示和心理意象的推理

Algorithm 4: Design Sketching

算法4: 设计草图

Algorithm 5: Brushing

算法5: 刷

Algorithm 6: Small Pattern Comparisons in a Large Information Space

算法6: 大信息空间中的小模式比较

Algorithm 7: Degree-of-Relevance Highlighting

算法7: 相关度高亮

Algorithm 8: Generalized Fisheye Views

算法8: 广义鱼眼视图

Algorithm 9: Multidimensional Dynamic Queries with Scatter Plot

算法9: 带有散点图的多维动态查询

Algorithm 10: Visual Monitoring Strategies

算法10: 视觉监控策略

Conclusion

Appendix A: Changing Primaries

附录A:变更主要部分

appendix: n.阑尾;附录

Full details are given in Appendix 3.

详情见附录3。

Appendix B: CIE Color Measurement System

附录B: CIE颜色测量系统

Appendix C: The Perceptual Evaluation of Visualization Techniques and Systems

附录C: 可视化技术和系统的感性评价

Research Goals

研究目标:指研究者在进行研究时所设定的具体目标和预期达到的结果。

The research goals of this project are to identify the causes of climate change and propose solutions.

这个项目的研究目标是确定气候变化的原因并提出解决方案。

Psychophysics

/ ˌsaɪkoʊˈfɪzɪks /n.心理物理学;精神物理学

Detection Methods

检测方法

Method of Adjustment

调整法

Cognitive Psychology

认知心理学:一门研究人类思维和知觉过程的心理学分支,包括注意、记忆、语言、问题解决、决策等方面。

Structural Analysis

结构分析:一种研究物体或系统内部结构的方法,以确定其组成部分之间的关系、作用和相互影响。

Testbench Applications for Discovery

用于发现的测试平台应用程序

Structured Interviews

结构化面试

Rating Scales

评分量表:一种用于评估个体在某一特定领域(如技能、态度、知识等)表现的工具,通常由一系列有序的项目组成,每个项目对应一个分值。

Statistical Exploration

统计的探索

Principal Components Analysis

主成分分析:一种统计方法,用于分析多变量数据集,通过将数据集的变量转换为一组线性无关的变量(主成分),从而实现数据降维和特征提取。

Principal components analysis is a useful technique for reducing the dimensionality of large datasets.

主成分分析是一种用于降低大型数据集维度的有用技术。

Multidimensional Scaling

多维缩放:一种统计技术,用于分析和可视化数据集中的相似性或距离信息,通常用于降维或数据探索。

Multidimensional scaling is a useful technique for visualizing high-dimensional data in a lower-dimensional space. 多维缩放是一种在低维空间中可视化高维数据的有用技术。

Clustering

  • n.聚集,收集;分类归并

  • v.使成群(cluster 的现在分词)

Multiple Regression

多元回归:一种统计分析方法,用于研究两个或多个自变量与因变量之间的关系。

Cross-Cultural Studies

跨文化研究

Child Studies

儿童研究Child Studies

Practical Problems in Conducting User Studies

进行用户研究的实际问题

Experimenter Bias

实验者偏向

How Many Subjects to Use?

使用多少主题?

Combinatorial Explosion

[矿业] 组合爆炸

Task Identification

任务识别:确定一个任务的性质、目标和要求的过程。

The first step in project management is task identification.

项目管理的第一步是任务识别。

Controls

  • n.[自]控制;控制装置(control 的复数);控制元件

  • v.[自]控制;指挥(control 的三单形式)

Getting Help

寻求帮助

Appendix D: Guidelines

附录D:指引

guideline: n.指导方针,准则;参考

A written IQ test is merely a guideline.

书面的智商测试只是个参考。

Bibliography

bibliography:/ ˌbɪbliˈɑːɡrəfi /n.参考书目,文献目录;目录学,文献学

Index

  • n.索引;(物价和工资等)指数;指标,量度;幂,根指数;指针

  • v.为……编索引,将……编入索引;使指数化,将(工资)等与(物价水平等)挂钩;(机器,部件)转位